Computer Motherboard (Descriptive) Essay Example for Free

PC Motherboard (Descriptive) Essay Motherboard acts like the veins of a human taking the blood all finished permitting the blood to travel. It has many line-like structures that resemble the veins and the supply routes. These lines are the wires mounted on the motherboard that keep thousandths or even a great many association. Motherboard is a little yet incredible gadget inside the PC framework. The motherboard has three cards on it. Initially, the designs card, it resembles the eyes of the PC, it acts like the eye that saw and reflects pictures to the screen. Second, the sound card it is the mouth of the PC, it sends sound to the speaker, it yells what the PC says. What's more, the third, the modem, the nose of the PC. It sniffs messages from the wires originating from the phone lines. On the off chance that there’s a blood, there’s additionally the heart. The processor of the PC goes about as the core of the PC. It has a square-formed chip that has numerous pins. It sits on the motherboard controlling all the cards including the motherboard. It controls, permits, and limits data that is being spread into the framework like the heart. It likewise has a warmth sink and a fan keeping the processor cool. To have the option to finish the framework, it additionally has the mind. Hard plate fills in as the cerebrum of the PC. It is rectangular fit as a fiddle. Inside it, there’s a mirror-like plate where all the data are put away. The circle turn at more prominent speed, contingent upon the data/information is being composed into the plate. Motherboard is additionally comprises of chips, transistors, and capacitors. It is the other segment of the motherboard that demonstrations like the organs of the framework. These chips might be little as a grain of rice and greater as a coin. Transistor is a little, dark in shading and rectangular fit as a fiddle. It is once in a while unmistakable due to its three metal legs appended on it. Transistors is comprises of thousand or even million of IC (Integrated Circuit) stuffed in one section. What's more, the capacitors resemble tanks joined in the motherboard. It shifts in size; it might be little, medium or huge relying upon the voltage and its capacitance. Motherboard is comprises of a great many chips, transistors and IC’s. It acts like the body of the PC. Without it, the PC won't work. It resembles the storage compartment of a tree. It is an astonishing thing that has a great many wires appended in a little board. It is ground-breaking and basic part that the PC won't work without it. Reference: * Motherboard. Recovered from http://www. en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/motherboard

Management and Organizational Behaviour

Questions: 1. Distinguishing the fundamental issue that Jack needs to consider. 2. The strategy of picking up benefits by applying the justification dynamic procedure to address the issues. 3. Depicting three distinct assets that are accessible to Jack. 4. Recognizing, clarifying and applying one of the authoritative techniques. Answers: (1). The contextual investigation demonstrates that Glasshouse Avocados increased a noteworthy bit of leeway from the current market. In any case, similar to each business, there have been sure issues that should be thought of. Jacks significant vision was to create and proceed with the business with avocados since they can be delivered in a bigger sum. The creation edge of avocado was going down in contrasted with the creation of earlier years. Jack saw that the grocery store business in Queensland was logically combined. Also, the activity of Boutique had been set up on the Sunshine Coast, which chiefly focuses on the neighborhood natural market with high caliber of items. The Boutique administrator had set premium evaluating methodologies for the high caliber of items and administrations. Despite what might be expected, the associations from other nation were bringing in the items at low cost and making a serious situation, which was a weight on Glasshouse Avocado. As referenced for th e situation study, that opposition from the modest imports was driving the cost down, which was generally influencing the benefits of Glasshouse Avocado. Aside from every one of these issues, another huge test, which Jack needed to manage, was expanding cost of keeping up water system hardware just as overseeing root spoil in the plants over the plantation. Despite what might be expected, the changing atmosphere was likewise influencing the creation of avocados. Jack encountered that they didn't concentrate on the key achievement elements of sustenance the board of the trees and improve water system methods. Be that as it may, it is critical to concentrate on the variables that impact the creation of avocados before breaking down the outside elements. Jack could take proposals from the accomplished botanists who have information with respect to water system strategies and reap. Fitting execution of these procedures could assist with controlling the harms that happened because of pivot just as gathering issues. What's more, Jack likewise needs to consider the outer factors, for example, forceful methods of merchants and execution of pr emium evaluating systems. As referenced by Jiang et al. (2012), to control harm in business, it is important to concentrate on building up the nature of business. In this manner, by building up the nature of items, one could amplify piece of the overall industry. By and by, to build the piece of the pie, it is important to sell the items at low value utilizing penetrative evaluating methodology. (2). As referenced by McShane and Von Glinow (2012), method of reasoning dynamic procedure is comprising of various strides from issue ID through arrangement, for settling on a justification choice. While applying this specific procedure, it is vital for the advertisers to concentrate on specific angles, for example, plan of an objective, distinguishing proof of the measures for settling on the choices, perceiving the other options and some different advances. Subsequently, the significant target of Glasshouse Avocados is to build the tones of creation and increase benefits in the specialty showcase. The leaders of the association is likewise resolved to extend the business into claim to fame specialty market, for example, Kiwi Fruits to augment the limit of business. The strategies required to determine the issues found for the situation study can be actualized with the assistance some dynamic speculations. There have been numerous sort speculations on dynamic, for example, authoritative Process Model and soundness in dynamic. It is seen that concentrated dynamic hypothesis is normally applied when a unified hierarchical choice is produced using to down. Be that as it may, for the present issues looked by Jack, it is important to execute the hypothesis of objectivity. The means associated with judicious dynamic assists with settling the issues without any problem. For instance, objective dynamic could assist advertisers with searching different other options. When the choices are discovered, further assessment should be possible. While choosing about the other options, the advertisers could experience three key methodologies, for example, experience, experimentation and Research and Analysis. Subsequently, Jack needs to set the measures for settling on the levelheaded choice. They could concentrate on the nature of items to manage the outer test. As remarked by Hu et al. (2012), when the net revenue is going down, it is critical to concentrate on the inner viewpoints as opposed to racing into outside condition. Be that as it may, Chiang and Hsieh (2012) included that a business consistently is needy o n both outside and inward condition; in this manner, the advertisers ensure that no, for example, perspective is deserted, which is huge. In this manner, it very well may be referenced that so as to determine the issues, for example, poor creation, outside dangers from Queensland and premium estimating procedures of contenders, Glasshouse Avocado right off the bat needs to concentrate on building up the nature of items. Jack confronted the issues of creation because of poor usage of methods of planting, water system, yield the executives and irritation control. Jack needs to concentrate on these elements to determine the issues of creation. The association should discover the present market patterns and the market powers that impact the market to a great extent. For instance, they could direct a client examination to distinguish the requirements and requests of individuals in the nearby natural market. It is additionally critical to recognize the techniques utilized by rivals in the business. From that point, the association could settle on an official conclusion. This implies they could deal with the recognized viewpoints, for example, quality turn of events, estimating systems, dispersion of items and other perspective. Further, it tends to be added that to extend the business or go into another market could be fearful for the association at the underlying stage. Therefore, the organization could actualize the methodologies of diversifying, joint wandering. This could assist with learning the necessities and requests of new market and afterward actua lize the necessary methodologies. (3). It is apparent that a business as a rule incorporates various kinds of assets. The associations need to manage every asset to make a compelling activity with the end goal of improvement of business. In any case, it is likewise seen that business may not get all asset similarly close by, which brings about poor development and loss of capital. The cases study demonstrates that Jack has a significant asset of avocado dependent on which he could additionally grow the business. The creation of avocado is gigantic; in this way, it is anything but difficult to take choice to determine the issue related with the business. As referenced Argote (2012), when the significant materials are copious or accessible, the business won't set aside a lot of effort to effectively command the market. Jacks father had the conviction that Sunshine Coast ought to act naturally adequate specific in their food creation. In this way, a general conviction framed by Errol is by giving enough food to the creating populace, the requirements and requests of individuals can be fulfilled rather answering on the shippers. In this way, it tends to be referenced that tones of avocado is the huge assets for the association Glasshouse Avocado to battle against the deterrent. Despite what might be expected, custard apple just as energy organic product is one of the powerful assets accessible to Jack. Notwithstanding, the accessibility of this specific asset isn't abundant. In this manner, it won't be a decent choice to answer on custard apple and natural product. What's more, the rivals are additionally ruling the market with their forceful showcasing methodologies. Another significant test looked by the association was the pattern of focusing on the nearby natural market. The Sunshine Coast was completely reliant on the natural food advertise. In this manner, depending on custard apple would not be a decent choice for Glasshouse Avocado to lead the business in serious market. Another noteworthy asset, which was uncommon to Jack, is the innovation. The association Glasshouse Avocado required building up the innovation for creation of avocado. Be that as it may, the leaders of the associations have just centered around the natural food however there ought to be a specialized execution to channel the food. At the point when different associations in the natural food advertise are in the surge of building up the nature of the items, Avocado is managing the issue of creation. By applying the innovation, Avocado could gather the harvests adequately. Ultimately, it tends to be referenced that nonattendance of innovation is the uncommon asset to Glasshouse Avocado. (4). Since the individuals comprehended about the patterns of globalization, the associations in each industry are in the surge creating and actualizing the technique to beat the potential test in business. For the situation study, it is seen that the association Glasshouse Avocado is confronting the issues of creation just as modest imports. Hence, to determine the issue, the association could execute new market section methodology, for example, Ansoff Matrix. Figure 1: Ansoff framework There have been four unique viewpoints related with the technique to be specific market advancement, broadening, advertise entrance and item improvement (Chrisman and Patel 2012). The association could target distinctive geological market and afterward distinguish the open doors just as dangers in various market. This is the manner by which the association could build up the market. The following fragment is item broadening, which is typically hazardous as there is little degree for actualizing this methodology (Dezs and Ross, 2012). Be that as it may, Jack has another alternative to proceed with the business with avocado, which is Custard Apple and Fruits. The association could concentrate on this huge option for additional building up the business. From there on, t

Elephant

Elephant 5Amber TonnuEnglish 099Obed SilvaMay 21, 2014Who's The Smartest?He is a warrior. He is solid and intense. No regular predators can rival him, each creature in the wild fears him - including the lord of the wilderness (lion) - due to his huge size. He's the biggest man that originated from Africa; he weighted from 1,800 up to 6,300 kg. He's otherwise called the greatest and most grounded man on earth. He's 13 feet tall and his hungers are as large as large as his body size. He can eats as much as 400 pounds and drink up to 30 gallons of water every day. He has thick and wrinkled skin - like an elderly person in his 90s. Despite the fact that he has toughness, his skin is delicate to contact, distinguishing creepy crawlies and changes in the earth. Since his skin is so touchy, he needs to toss sand and earth on his back at whatever point he's out in the sun so it will keep him from getting sunburned.Male elephant in Etosha National Park, Namibia Kis...His hair conveyed unevenly all ove r his body. The most perceptible hair on his body are: around the eyes, ear opening, jawline and tail. His ears are as large as a banana leave, and they appear as though a monster bloom pedal that streaming noticeable all around. He has huge and mammoth hands that are too hurl to lift up; so he utilizes his nose to snatch nourishment as opposed to utilizing hands like others. His preferred nibble of the day are bananas, rice and sugarcane. He is known as the most wise creatures on Earth.This monster looking man knows about numerous children and grown-up, individuals ordinarily call him by the name Elephant. Elephant can be discovered everywhere throughout the world, yet their...

The Great Depression Impact on Society - Free Essay Example

Homeless starving families roaming the streets, billions of dollars lost never to be returned, and darkness and depression encompassing all aspects of life. This may sound like an impossible nightmare, but in reality, millions of people suffered through these events thinking only of survival and how to get through the next day. What could cause such horrendous events as these? Well, all of this was a result of what is known as the Stock Market Crash of 1929. In brief, the economy of the United States of America failed due to flaws within the market, and misunderstandings of its risk. Moreover, poor economic policies caused depression and financial turmoil and took years of political reform to heal. The Stock Market Crash had a large impact on America and its citizens. After the Crash, many people were scared to use stocks again because of the thought of this horrible event happening again. Soon many people wouldnt have to be afraid anymore. In the 1920s, things were really unstable in the US and around the world. With the rapid increase in industrialization, which fueled the economy, combined with the many technological improvements had leading economists believing the growth would continue. During this inflation period, wages increased along with consumer spending, and stock market prices were on the rise. Most people wanted to take advantage of the rising prices, which put billions of dollars into the stock market, and people were buyi ng on margin (buying stocks with borrowed money, then using the earnings to pay back the loan). The number of dollars put into the stock market created unsecured consumer debt and left the market unbalanced. Many investors wanted to make a lot of cash, so they decided to invest their life savings, mortgage their homes, and cashed in their safer investments like bonds, and bank accounts. The rising prices had some economic analysts warning of a coming correction. Many companies and banks, eager to increase their profits, began to speculate dangerously with their investments. In late October 1929, the buying craze slowly decreased, and the selling of stocks was even crazier. On Tuesday, October 29, 1929, the United States stock market suddenly and completely collapsed. This event is known as Black Tuesday and is attributed by many historians to be the start of the worst financial crisis in U.S. history, The Great Depression. The Great Crash itself had a devastating impact. Hundreds of banks failed, and because bank deposits were uninsured, their depositors lost some or all of their money. Frightened customers drew their savings from solvent banks, forcing them to close.And that was just the beginning. Governments response to the Great Depression changed the lives of non-elite members of society. It changed them negatively at first. Herbert Hoovers strategies for fixin g the economy failed and drove these working class people even farther into debt and poverty. The unemployment rate was so high that some out of work people were so poor that they resorted to living in boxes, and packing crates, and the only meals they ate were obtained courtesy of a local soup kitchen. Things began to look up when FDR took over as president. His plans for stimulating the economy worked, and in a big way. The federal agencies that he instituted provided millions of jobs, and poured mass amounts of money back into the nations economy. The Great depression could have been avoided, firstly overproduction. Factories and farms were producing more goods than the people could afford to buy. The problem with overproduction was that no one was looking forward to what was to come. They were on such a high with the number of products they were selling (washing machines, dishwashers, cars, wheat, meat, and other farm goods) no one noticed that they were making extensive amounts . It was getting easier and easier to produce products because assembly line production and stock market prices were high. As a result, prices fell, factories closed and workers were laid off. Prices for farm products also fell, as a result, farmers could not pay off bank loans and many lost their farms due to foreclosure. Secondly, buying on credit, 1920s motto was buy now, pay later, the first mistake because most people couldnt afford to pay later. Buying on credit was a new concept, and not everyone understood it. Almost all people didnt own the majority of things they had, resulting in Canada falling helplessly into debt. Then creditors repossessed goods and left some with nothing. Buying on credit should have only been available to people who have a well-paying job and know how a fact that they will be able to pay the money back. Thirdly, the stock market crash, also known as Black Tuesday. Too many people were getting loans to buy shares (buying on margin), so when the stock mar ket prices went down, people couldnt pay back their loans. This caused people to sell shares. The government needed to stop the bubble in stock prices from happening. They could have outlawed (or at least regulated) the margin buying and some of the other abuses that were pushing up stock prices. Overall the Great Depression was a terrible period of time, that definitely could have been avoided if anyone were looking into what was to come. The Stock Market Crash had a large impact on America and its citizens. After the Crash, many people were scared to use stocks again because of the thought of this horrible event happening again. This event could have been prevented if people just understood how stocks worked and that they shouldnt put everything into stocks. As well, as the huge effect, the crash had on many Americans during that time, many people lost their homes and all their money. To conclude, the Stock Market Crash was a horrific event in the 1920s and many people suffered be cause of it.

Japanese Mythology And Folklore Make Up An Extremely Large...

Japanese mythology and folklore make up an extremely large portion of the Shinto religion, of which approximately 2,700,001 people follow worldwide (Pew Research Center). What has kept people fastened to this religion as opposed to the larger faiths such as: Christianity, Buddhism, and Hindus? The majority of people who are researching different religions do not look at less common religions such as this one. Shinto is a series of Japanese myths and folktales that are still passed from parent to child. Japanese myths and folklore were passed around orally until 712 AD. When the Kojiki, Records of Ancient Matters, was written; now anyone can access several of those such as the Creation Story and Momotaro The Creation Story is the most important part of any religion; it tells about the God or gods, why you are what you are, how the Earth came into being, and quite often a list of ancient genealogy. The first three kami, Amenominakanusi (Lord of the Centre of Heaven), Takamimusubi (August High Producer), and Kamimusubi (August Divine Producer), emerged from a white cloud before the Earth had taken shape and was just a shapeless mass, moving constantly. From that shapeless mass came the first plant, and from that plant the kami Umasiasikabipikodi (Pleasant Prince Elder of the Reed Shoot) and Amenotokotati (Everlasting Heaven Stander). These five were followed by seven more generations of deities, who appeared in male and female partners, the last couple was Izanagi and Izanami.

Essay on Images of Christian Devotion in Late Antiquity...

Images of Christian devotion in Late Antiquity and Byzantium Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus in Rome represents reflects the transformed status of Christianity. Junius Bassus was a member of a senatorial family and he was responsible for the administration of the city of Rome. Junius Bassus died at the age of 42 in the year 359, this sarcophagus was made for him. He had become a convert to Christianity before his death. The style and iconography of the sarcophagus reflects the transformed status of Christianity. Before the time of Constantine, the picture of Christ was never used directly by important members of the Roman Emperor. In this sarcophagus, Christ represented directly and delivered from Roman Imperial Art perspective. Peter†¦show more content†¦The wheat and grates represent the wine and bread of the Eucharist. The toga was used as symbol of high social status. The Ceiling of the Mausoleum of Galla shows Christ as the Good Shepherd taking care of his sheep’s. This picture show Christ with a golden halo (Gold color repre sents power and wealthy). He is wearing a loyal purple mantle to show that he is a king and god. He is also holding a Christian cross. In this article Senses and Sensibility in Byzantium by Liz James will side step the squabble between art history and visual culture. It will explain what happen with art history and visual culture. Furthermore, it will explain how these both interact with other senses. The authors explain how the five senses of the human are involved in Art. Byzantine art tends to be considered in almost exclusively visual terms. However, Byzantine writings about works of art appeal to all the senses and aim to involve the listener (who may also be looking at the object described) in an emotional engagement with the image and with the scene it depicts. Accordantly to the author â€Å"Touch was a crucial means of assuring oneself of the reality of spiritual truths. The New Testament is full of stories of people touching Christ, culminating in that of doubting Thomas, who needed to put his hand into Christ’s wounds to be assured that Christ had risen† (Liz James 527) I definitely support this because when it comes to religion there is always going

Waste Management by Companies-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Waste assessment and and how it can be minimize. Answer: Introduction In recent years, environmental requirements have been widely disseminated and incorporated in some industrial activities in an exemplary way. However, in construction, these demands still do not receive the attention they deserve. For example, during the construction and demolition phase a large amount of undifferentiated waste goes directly to the landfill. Example, In Catalonia, during 1998, the construction sector generated more than 3 million tons of waste, a figure higher than the MSW (solid urban waste). Nowadays, due to inertial and market circumstances, both the application of minimization criteria and the quantity of product from construction waste and demolition that is recycled are almost negligible (Bersani, 2008). There is no general environmental protection mentality in this area, no adequate legal and administrative provisions have been made to achieve this, and sufficient codes of good practice have not yet been developed to improve this situation and raise awareness of the agents of the sector(Hall, 2005). Literature review After analyzing the current situation and after proposing improvement actions (see Current Situation and Future Prospects for Construction Waste and Manual for Minimization and Waste Management in Construction and Demolition Works), we have believed Necessary to prepare a new document, which was not originally foreseen in the project: a methodology for drafting an overall version of a Management Plan which rationalizes and optimizes, with environmental criteria, the treatment and recovery of construction waste in works(Blackman, 2001). As was the case with the White Paper Analysis of the current situation and future prospects of construction waste, a summary document of the proposed methodology is developed below, which is justified by the large volume of waste acquiring the initial text. Methodology for the realization of a Waste Management Plan As we have already seen in an article previously published in, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) must respond to a series of parameters that allow us to evaluate the impact that our company is having on the environment, employees, Customers and society in general. This analysis allows us to put in place policies in order to minimize the negative impacts and improve in this way the way our business develops and therefore affects its environment. That is why one of the fundamental aspects when it comes to running a business in the right way is to take into account these parameters related to CSR. In this sense, it is extremely important to be able to understand how our business impacts on the environment. However, once we have clearly understood the degree of impact our business is generating on the environment, the ideal is to begin to delineate a series of business policies that adjust to reduce that impact, for which we can resort to Options, such as starting to manufacture products that can be recycled, carrying out a responsible supply, ie using recycled and renewable materials, and at the same time opt to purchase the raw material through local suppliers, in order to Save on fuel and transportation costs(Hall, 2005). Likewise, we can reduce the environmental impact of our company by minimizing packaging, creating an efficient and economical distribution network, and trying to make transactions only with suppliers and distributors that also include CSR policies in their services. In an exhaustive review (identification, treatment, regulation, etc.) of the potentially toxic products that can appear in the demolitions and in the works is carried out. In the report we find a map with the main authorized managers of environmental assessment. A brief explanation of the objectives and the operation of the computer program to calculate the cost of waste management is given in section. Finally, Annex 6 refers to the aforementioned works of and the deconstruction of military barracks and includes those aspects of the follow-up that have not been dealt with in detail in the main text. Criteria for waste reduction If we look at the hierarchy proposed by the global environmental authorities on the actions to be taken in the management of waste, we will see that the main priorities are prevention and minimization. In this way, other environmental improvements will be achieved, such as the reduction of transport of surpluses(Lippitt, Webb and Martin, 2000).o the landfill o r recycling center, with the consequent reduction of atmospheric pollution and energy consumption. By minimization, it is understood the set of organizational, operational and technological actions necessary to reduce the quantity and / or danger of Waste, by reducing and reusing them at source. It is therefore essential that the first action associated with waste management is to try to reduce its volume at the site where it has been generated. Minimization of waste in construction works. From the fact sheets on recommendations for the reduction and efficient management of waste that appear in the Manual, have been extracted those actions that tend to minimize the amount of waste produced. Research Question, Aim/Objectives and Sub-goals This report iams to find out which methods are best suited minimize and reduce waste management. The research question for this report is based on the research what should be done to minimize and reduce waste. Experimental setup- Lab and field set up The lab has been set up by the guidance of measures and standards that includes the necessary chemicals and reagents. It has also be conducted by professional lab technicians. Only in isolation have there been concerns about the control of building waste in places where there are still no specific landfills or in those companies that have decided to implement an Environmental Management System (ISO 14000). At present, the use of techniques of selective dismantling (deconstruction) is only carried out in pilot experiments, demolitions or partial rehabilitations and administrative impositions derived from the application of safety measures or recovery of elements with relevant patrimonial characteristics(Lippitt, Webb and Martin, 2000). Lack of sensitivity in this regard leads to lamentable situations where initially inert building wastes are mixed with banal and contaminating waste and deposited in landfills not prepared for this purpose (with consequent contamination, Of any order), or discharges occur outside the network of approved landfills. These situations cannot be solved only with adequate legislation and police, but need widespread awareness, still pending. To this end, it was decided to undertake Project Life , Program of technical actions to promote the valorization, minimization and selection of waste originated in the construction and demolition works. Its main objectives are to emphasize the contribution of means and the diffusion of concepts to increase the culture of the sector towards a greater environmental sensitivity, directed, more concretely, to the control and reduction of the residues of heterogeneous composition that generates This sector. As can be seen, in this case we refer to the implementation phase, which completes the cycle started with the previous program Life: The Teaching of arch environmental management authority and the environment on the project phase(Stewart, 2008). Results, outcome and relevance The method proposed here is extremely simple. It is based on establishing, first, the quantity and nature of the waste to be generated. This objective can be fulfilled according to the experience of the builder and the demolition company, if they have already applied classification criteria (which are not frequent). Otherwise, by default, we propose the values detailed in this document, derived from a study carried out by Environmental management authority during the analysis of the current situation of construction waste (although it could happen that , In some cases, did not conform to the company's methods, means, etc.). Complying with this first phase, it would be possible to compile documentation about waste managers operating in the vicinity of the work or demolition. It is necessary to know the characteristics (admission conditions, distance, rates, etc.) of landfills, recyclers, green points, classification centers, etc., in order to be able to define an external management s cenario. From the crossing of the information on the quantity and type of waste with the one from having defined a recovery scenario formed by the external managers can be determined at each moment of the work or the demolition elements (Quantity and characteristics of containers, reservoirs for pollutant fluids, etc.) and presumably will have a lower cost of management of such surpluses. In order to facilitate the process of implementing the Management Plan, a simple computer program has been developed with which to forecast the cost of waste management (Characterization, quantification and management) using the two systems previously described: the data obtained by the Environmnetalmanagemet authority in the monitoring of works or those coming from the construction or demolition company itself. The steps that must be followed in the development of this Plan: This methodology is applicable by all those companies that carry out construction and demolition works, regardless of the de gree of complexity of these (size, location, use, etc.). ), And is focused on building (civil works constructions remain for future waste management plans) (Radojevic and Bashkin, n.d.). The document presents two concrete cases as an example of application: one for the new construction (construction of a residential complex in waste management; And another, for the demolition (deconstruction of military barracks, in. Also, in order to complete the development of the Waste Management Plan according to the previous points, a series of works that appears in this text in the form of attachments. In the first of these annexes, some recommendations are presented in order to minimize the amount of waste that is usually generated in the construction works. The report contains a good practice guide for waste management in line with current legislation. The company of Demolition and the technical equipment that execute the building project must jointly plan the type of demolition in order to be able to introduce reused and recycled elements in the work itself. Reuse of elements: pillars and beams, trusses, doors, windows, furniture, Etc. Reclaiming of materials: production of granulates for fillings and concretes, use of wood chips and plastic for filling of chambers, etc. The building project must be adjusted to dimensional coordination criteria respecting the modular formats of The materials and constructive elements to be reused. From the project phase will be foreseen which spaces of the work or the urbanization will be able to receive material Are recycled (granulates, wood, etc.). Criteria for the evaluation of waste at each stage of the work In order to organize and optimize waste management, it is essential to make an approximation about the quantity and nature of the surplus materials that are going to generate(Radojevic an d Bashkin, n.d.). Next we will expose different possible methodologies to characterize and quantify the waste of the works and the demolitions. Need for an environmental analysis of the company Undoubtedly, environmental performance is an increasingly important issue for companies, since, in short, we must bear in mind that thanks to the correct management of the aspects related to the environment, and with effective policies, we can not only ensure That we comply with the current legislation, but also reduce costs and improve our reputation. That is why, in general, the experts emphasize the need to carry out an environmental analysis of the company, and thus know exactly the impact it is having on the ecosystem in which it operates. Although many will assume that an environmental risk assessment of the company can become an arduous, difficult and extensive, the truth is that we can perform this type of analysis in a simple way. In principle, we must take into account that to carry out an environmental risk assessment of our business, we must use techniques similar to those used in the analysis of the company's security. Here are five key steps for conducting the environmental risk assessment: However, one of the fundamental aspects for this type of evaluation is that we can achieve positive results. It is that we can correctly identify the hazards. We must take into account the following points in order to carry out the review: Storage of waste and disposal: Among other things, we must ensure that adequate containers are used, and that the waste is stored away from drains and waterways. In short, the right thing is to achieve a reduction in the environmental impact of our business, which we can achieve through the use of effective waste management practices(Cheremisinoff, 2007). Project Planning and gantt chart This Life 98/351 project has the basic mission of influencing the culture of the workforce in order to improve the waste management generated by this industrial activity. A management that we mainly stick to the objectives of minimizing and classifying at source. For this purpose, it has been considered important to develop a tool with which, in the planning phase of the work, the builders and demolition companies can know the activities and expenses (for phases of execution in the case of the new work) Management of the leftovers that will be generated. And at this point, the person in charge of carrying out the Management Plan should be the one who - among those who form the team that develops the construction or demolition project - becomes better acquainted with the operation of the work and The one that habitually takes care of the subjects of security and health and quality control. In addition, the amount of waste and its impact (Cheremisinoff, 2007). Management system is essential data for the planning of the work and demolition, and also to determine, with some precision, the deposit to be deposited in those Local municipalities that implement Decree 201/94. Nevertheless, It has been considered even more important to have a user-friendly tool to help convince, for economic reasons, the need to reduce the amount of waste, ie to raise, from an early stage Minimization criteria. The gantt chart will provide a graphical illustration of a schedule that helps to coordinate paln track specific task in a project. research Initial report lab and field set up Tabulating the lab results Final project June July August September The above gantt chart shows the schedule of events that will will lead to the final project being given. Bthis starts from initial research which is the collection of field data and other information regading the project. It is followed up by making of the final project proposal, then the field set up, which is then followed by tabulating the lab results and subsequently the final project. Conclusion The report shows an orderly list according to the different phases of the project: the project, the programming and the execution. This is a previous stage of singular importance since its implementation depends on the final quantity of surplus material that has to be managed. Minimization of waste in demolition The first step to optimize waste management is to design demolition with environmental criteria, that is, to organize demolition operations taking into account that the amount of waste that is going to stop To the landfill is minimal. Therefore, we are talking about deconstruction. Deconstruction is the set of dismantling operations of a building that make possible a high level of recovery and use of the materials in order to reincorporate them to new constructions of the handbook of minimization and waste management in construction and demolition reports in detail on this demolition system) (Cheremisinoff, 2007). Taking into account the definition of minimization offered, th e criteria to reduce the waste that we expose are focused on the reuse and recycling of materials at the same site where the demolition took place. It is a question of which the work itself is the place of digestion of the waste that originates. Therefore, and whenever possible, we will have to coordinate the actions of the demolition with those of the new work as follows References Bersani, C. (2008).Advanced technologies and methodologies for risk management in the global transport of dangerous goods. Washington, DC: IOS Press. Blackman, W. (2001).Basic hazardous waste management. Boca Raton, Fla. [u.a.]: Lewis. Cheremisinoff, N. (2007).Handbook of solid waste management and waste minimization technologies. Norwich, NY: Knovel. Hall, E. (2005).Recycling. Farmington Hills, MI: KidHaven Press. Lippitt, J., Webb, P. and Martin, W. (2000).Hazardous Waste Handbook. Burlington: Elsevier. Mani, C. (2010).Environmental analysis. Jaipur: Oxford Book Co. Radojevic, M. and Bashkin, V. (n.d.).Practical Environmental Analysis. Stewart, S. (2008).Recycling. Berlin: Cornelsen. The Bureau of Land Management's proposed rule entitled "Waste prevention, production subject to royalties, and resource conservation". (n.d.).

Situational Leadership Style

Introduction Leadership is described as the ability to motivate and make possible for others to realize shared goals. In the last century, several leadership styles and theories were formulated and analyzed (Bass Riggio, 2006). Currently, there is no single theory that is perfectly suited for all circumstances.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Situational Leadership Style specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Notably, the basic principles of leadership such as inspiring and directing others to realize shared goals underwent through little changes in the past decades. However, leadership context, complexity, and diversity in institutions progressed immensely in the last century (Bass Riggio, 2006). For situational leadership theory, leaders are required to exhibit unique leadership styles in different circumstances. Owing to its inherent flexibility, the advantages associated with this leadership theory overshadow its disadvantages. As such, this leadership theory is valid for both micro and macro economies and flexible to supporters at different expansion stages. This paper focuses on situational leadership style. In the paper, a brief overview, strengths, and weakness of the theory are highlighted. A brief overview of the theory Hersey and Blanchard formulated this type of leadership style in the year 1969 (Bass Riggio, 2006). This type of leadership was formulated with the help of Reddin’s 3-D management style theory. According to the two experts, the major responsibility of any situational leader is to become accustomed to their individual leadership style and satisfy the followers’ needs. To achieve the above, a situational leader should identify precisely the abilities and enthusiasms levels of his or her followers and lay down tasks, which are suitable with followers’ enthusiasms and abilities. With this leadership model, managers can choose from four leadership appr oaches. These approaches are characterised by combinations of task and relationship behaviour. The situational leadership approach model categorizes a mixture of task and relationship behaviors into four quadrants. A dissimilar leadership method is required in each quadrant. In the first quadrant, high task and low relationship, the telling style is very commanding since the manager creates many contributions and least amount of relationship behavior. Therefore, an autocratic leader would best depict this quadrant. In the second quadrant, high task and high relationship, the selling approach is also very commanding, however in a more influential behavior. Through this approach, the leader can offer substantial contributions towards task success and give emphasis to human relations.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the third quadrant, high relationship and low task, less co mmands and more collaboration between the managers and the supporters’ styles are eminent. The advice-giving and agreement subtypes of participative leaders are best depicted in this quadrant. In the fourth quadrant, low relationship and low task, the manager hands over accountability for a chore to a supporter and he or she is just kept informed of the advancement. As such, task behaviour entails employing one way of communication, delegating duties, and informing followers what is expected from them. Effective managers should know when to employ a high degree of task behaviour and when to employ a moderate degree of task behaviour depending on the circumstances (Bass Riggio, 2006). On the other hand, relationship behaviour requires a manager to employ two-way communication, listen, encourage, and involve supporters in decision-making processes. Just like in the task behaviour, effective managers should know when to employ a high degree of relationship behaviour and when to employ a moderate degree of relationship behaviour depending on the prevailing circumstances (Bass Riggio, 2006). As noted above, situational leadership style can be illustrated using four-squared matrix with distinctive phases. Based on this type of leadership style, an effective manager should be able to equalize the amount of direction given to building relationships, for the reason that individuals’ abilities and inspirations vary with time. For instance, a situational leader ought to equalize high technology and high touch to match with vibrant times. As such, they should be passionate, honest, effective communicators, and possess appropriate judgment capabilities. Equally, situational Leadership style requires leaders to be flexible and be able to become accustomed to different situations and characters. Strengths of situational leadership The basic strengths of this type of leadership style are that it is authoritative and flexible in nature (Srivastava, 2003). This implies that situational leadership style can indicate to the manager what to do under different circumstances and characters. For leaders, knowing who will perform a particular task and when it will be performed is very crucial for smooth operations. Given that leadership involves changes, this type of leadership style is suitable to varying situations. Usually, external and internal forces lead individuals, teams, and objectives vary.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Situational Leadership Style specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this regard, effective situational leaders should be able to tackle and respond to any kind of change. This implies that unlike other leadership styles, situational leadership style is distinct, applicable, and rational. For example, a new team member might exhibit great interest towards the project; however, he may not be perfectly skilled for the project. Such a member will require appropriate guidelines during his earlier days in the project. With time, the individual will master the project requirements hence little or no direction will be required. As time progresses, more motivation will be helpful when the individual develops some boredom towards the project as the task becomes monotonous and unchallenging. During this time, situational leaders should be able to re-evaluate task and relationship balances and implement appropriate direction and support. Another advantage of situational leadership style is that it is prescriptive (Srivastava, 2003). However, it should be noted that it is flexible enough to allow individuals to equalize the amount of direction with the support followers require based on their abilities and enthusiasms. As such, this type of leadership style acknowledges the uniqueness that exists among team members. In addition, situational leadership does not only values supporter’s strengths but also fosters and strives to improve o n his or her weakness. Currently, diversity in our institutions and societies requires leaders to adopt the 21st century’s methods of situational leadership approaches. Equally, the diversity has augmented and reinforced the groups. Additionally, situational leadership necessitates the leaders to be involved and understand the production and workers facets of the process for them to become accustomed to their individual behaviours. If a leader adopts situational leadership, he or she will be in touch with both the goal and the supporters seeking this goal. In this regard, it can be argued that situational leadership enhances connections. In addition, this type of leadership style has tolerated reasonable test of time. For instance, over the last five decades the model has been applied in several sectors such as military, businesses organisations, and educational setups. In most of these contexts, the model has been accepted and is currently being utilized to address several c hallenges (Bass Riggio, 2006). The incidental nature of situational leadership style is that it mandates leaders to adapt their own conduct whenever the circumstances vary. Every time the relation between the supporters and the tasks vary, this type of leadership style enables the leaders to readjust their behaviours and acts to satisfy the new state of affairs. Therefore, if a leader applies the approach in consecutive estimates, he or she will be able to re-examine the extent of supervision and help the supporters require all through the continuum.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The shortcomings of situational leadership One major disadvantage of this type of leadership style is that it necessitates sound judgments with regard to task’s acquaintance and human evaluation (Srivastava, 2003). In this regard, it should be noted that not all individuals possess the visualization, spirit, insight, power, persistence, or luck to lead in every circumstance regardless of their characters, abilities, or style. Therefore, wrong detection of the supporters’ abilities and enthusiasms to complete a specific chore may interrupt the team’s development and demoralize the followers’ sense of worth. Equally, undervaluing or overvaluing of the team’s enthusiasms or abilities is unfavourable to goal realization of the goal. On the other hand, if a leader misdiagnoses the readiness and loyalty of several team associates if could result in project breakdown. This implies that an effective situational leader should be educated appropriately in co gnitive and psychosocial expansion hypothesis and be vigilant to dissimilarities that exist among follower because of pressures from sex, age, educational and ethnic uniqueness. Similarly, situational leadership style necessitates the managers to have comprehensive knowledge of intellectual and developmental level of their supporters. In addition, the leadership style does not tackle crucial details such as the multifaceted factors affecting motivation. The model lacks appropriate tools for the managers to identify a group’s task skill or communal enthusiasms. In this context, It is not possible for a manager to be acquainted with all the members of bigger the groups and subsequently analyse the followers’ recommendations since the supporters’ behaviours are based on fewer personal information. In this regard, situational leadership is appropriately appropriate for small groups rather than big groups in a large institution. Since its development, situational lea dership style has been adopted by various organizations, numerous supporters, and by a variety of managers, with varying achievements. Despite this success, it should be noted that s few official researches have been carried out to ascertain the effectiveness of this leadership model compared to other leadership models (Bass Riggio, 2006). A last shortcoming associated with this style of leadership relates to the inherent prejudice in the leadership surveys that support the model (Srivastava, 2003). The queries in the survey hinder the interviewee from selecting an appropriate answer that supports the leadership style. However, despite these weaknesses it should be acknowledged that the situational leadership model is a helpful tool when adopted correctly. Conclusion In conclusion, there are four distinct types of situational leadership styles. These are directing, coaching, supporting, and delegating. Similarly, situational leadership can be generalized into three steps. These ste ps are identifying the crucial tasks, diagnosing members’ readiness level, and settling on matching leadership style. As illustrated above, the situational leadership model symbolizes an agreement of thinking about leadership behavior relative to group members. This leadership theory is valid for both micro and macro economies and flexible to supporters at different stages (Bass Riggio, 2006). Similarly, As such, skilled individuals require less specific direction compared to less skilled individuals. The model is helpful since it bases its principles on other details of leadership that give emphasis to the role of task and relationship behaviors. Because of this, it has demonstrated to be an effective basis of leadership training. Equally, the situational leadership approach supports common sense. Because of this, it is instinctively attractive. Leaders can gain from this model if they try to assess the willingness of their supporters before deciding on the appropriate lead ership style. In general, the model allows leaders to become accustomed to their individual leadership style and satisfy the followers’ needs. In spite of its impressive advantages, it should be noted that this leadership style has its shortcomings (Bass Riggio, 2006). For instance, situational leadership style necessitates sound judgments with regard to task’s knowledge and human evaluation. In this regard, it should be noted that not all individuals possess the visualization, spirit, insight, power, persistence, or luck to lead in every circumstance regardless of their characters, abilities, or style. Therefore, wrong detection of the supporters’ abilities and enthusiasms to complete a specific chore may interrupt the team’s development and demoralize the followers’ sense of worth. Equally, the leadership style lacks appropriate tools for the managers to identify a group’s task skill or communal enthusiasms. In this context, It is impossi ble for a manager to be acquainted with all the members of bigger the groups and subsequently analyze the followers’ recommendations since the supporters’ behaviours are based on fewer personal information. References Bass, B. M., Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational leadership (2nd ed.). Mahwah, N.J.: L . Erlbaum Associates. Srivastava, M. K. (2003). Transformational leadership. New Delhi: Macmillan India. This essay on Situational Leadership Style was written and submitted by user Elle Wood to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Motivation Role in Organizational Management

Motivation Role in Organizational Management Abstract Employee motivation is a critical component that propels organizations into business successes that human resource managers need to factor when recruiting organizational employees and in running organizations. Motivated employees have been identified to be a strong force in improving organizational performance and individual productivity.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Motivation Role in Organizational Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Motivation, being a key element in organizational management is the basis upon which this report was written. Companies included in the research were Volkswagen, British Airways, and Audi. A common affront in tackling human resource problems at the technical departments of these companies was identified to be a critical component towards success. Among the theoretical approaches for analyzing the situations included Abraham Maslow’s theory of motivation and Fredrick Hertzberg. Common problems identified in these problems included a lack of individual autonomy in decision making, managerial supervisory roles and their adverse effects on employee productivity, lack of incentive programs, transient attention to cross cultural management, a view of the employee as a commodity solely for profiteering their parent companies, and failure to inspire employees to view organizational success as their success. It has been demonstrated as a feasible to inspire employees with a sense of passion to pursue organizational strategic goals in improving organizational efficiency and productivity. Introduction Current trends in employee productivity relies on a keen commitment by organizational managers in devising better ways of motivating employees to help maintain them, increase their productivity, and their general contribution to organizational efficiency and productivity. It has been demonstrated that employee productivity has a strong correlati on to the motivational approaches manager employ in motivating them. In addition to that, various theories of motivation, spanning Hertzberg to Abraham Maslow and newer approaches play a significant role in motivating employees to higher levels of productivity with direct influences organizational performance. Several examples of organizations that have adopted different approaches in motivating their employees abound.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Among them include the Volkswagen, British airways, and Audi. Specific to these companies are common problems at their technical departments that require a common affront to solve them. Appropriate approaches to motivating employees incorporates the broader sense of viewing people in a realistic sense, a complete understanding of human behavior and individual aspirations, a good and strong relationships with emplo yees, and acknowledgement of individual performance at work. In addition to that, these companies are of a global nature and the need to incorporate elements of cross culture management cannot be disputed. Situation Analysis Motivation Though motivation has no rigorous scientific definition or quantitative measure, yet it is a powerful tool that determines employee productivity and organizational efficiency. It is an internal force that stimulates behavior in response to applied stimuli. It takes into account internal and external needs of an individual and catalytically drives the intensity, persistence, and direction taken by an individual in a working environment. That is the case with the current work environment in a number of companies analyzed below. Institutionalized definition of motivation clearly shows a strong correlation between motivation and job performance issues. Situation Analysis One specific example of motivation is the Volkswagen Company, one of the largest moto r vehicle manufacturers in Germany. In the recent past, Volkswagen experienced a series of problems in delivering on time spare parts for its subsidiary plants in china. These late deliveries had a strong correlation with customer buying behavior, company profitability, and customer loyalty. Volkswagen, one of the most popular models in the Chinese market was being frowned upon and loosing customer loyalty due to late deliveries of spare parts. Specific to this was the time spent in waiting for the top management to decide on the specific procedure for manufacturing the spare parts based on the concept of lean manufacturing.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Motivation Role in Organizational Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A research into the problems plaguing the company revealed a lack of a motivational component with the technical staff. Statistical realities revealed that employee bonding and rela tionship with the Volkswagen Company had weakened and the component of motivation had reduced to a mere minimum. Motivation as a function of various performance variables in the work place had seriously impeded on the growth and performance of the company. The pitfalls were identified at various stages of motivational process. Among these was evaluation expectations and feedback on the performance of the technical staff. At Volkswagen, performance expectations and feedback on employees was a critical component lacking in the motivational and employee appraisal process. The company lacked specific appraisal methods and standards and the technical staff had little or no autonomy in decision making. Another problem at the industry level was linked to lack of intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors at the work place. The technical staff had no autonomy in decision making. A critical analysis of the situation revealed that if the technical staff had autonomy in decision making, they could decide on the specific methods of manufacturing the spare parts which could be delivered to the destination market on time. Several researchers into motivational theories affirm the fact that specialized personnel required a degree of autonomy in the use of specialized skills at the workplace to confront environments that require real time decisions. An incredible researcher in the field of motivation, Fredrick Herzberg studied the theory of motivation in relation to hygiene factors. In his study, Herzberg concluded that hygiene factors such as salary did not increase motivation but found out that other factors led to self satisfaction were central in determining the motivation of individuals at the work place.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Self satisfaction, according to Hertzberg had a strong relationship with work productivity and overall organizational performance. Therefore, a critical analysis of Volkswagen’s product delivery problems had a strong relationship with the lack of motivation specific to autonomy in decision making. Hertzberg’s view of motivation factored job enlargement and job enrichment coupled with autonomy in decision making to impact positively on organizational performance, a situation lacking with Volkswagen Company. Other factors that were identified to relate strongly with self satisfaction and performance at the technical department included increase in skill task identity. Task identity entailed an individual’s understanding of the extent to which one’s skills contributed to the success in the efficiency and quality of spare parts manufactured at the technical department of the company. It was worth realizing that specialized skills required for one to work in t his department demanded to be emphased on. Autonomy and independence at the place of work was identified to be a lacking element in the technical department. Specialized personnel need not be under supervision in executing their duties. Rather, a degree of autonomy at the workplace coupled with independence inspires confidence and propels individuals to self determination and satisfaction. When individuals perform specialized tasks that require specialized skills without any sense of an obligation to a supervisor, it has been demonstrated that they perform better than when under supervision. This was a critical factor with Volkswagen motor company. Serious concerns related to motivation at Volkswagen’s technical division revealed critical incidents lacking in the motivation of the workforce. Among these included failure by the management to incorporate training programs for technical personnel in integrating a variety of skills in running the department. Managers who value th e well being of their employees incorporate training programs as an incentive to diversify their skills and knowledge, a critical component lacking with the Volkswagen Company. A further analysis of the situation revealed that the company’s motivational approaches lacked the essential component of task identity. Task identity for the technical staff demented their identity to task performance. No technical person could claim specialization on a specific production line. In addition to that, the significance of task performance was lacking, a critical element in motivating employees (Coillie Mechelen, 1). Volkswagen’s approach on motivating employees received a further pitfall on further analysis of their motivational approaches. There was not a framework for communicating feedback to the employees on its appraisal schemes and approaches. Feedback elicits decision making based on information received from the management and customers (Coillie Mechelen, 1). Another com pany of interest is the British airways. While the company has a motivational scheme for its employees, a critical analysis of their motivation methods fails to factor critical motivational components into the company’s approach in motivating employees. This is further illustrated by a spate of strikes that have engulfed the company’s technical staff in the recent past (Berecz, 12). The British airways embedded in the culture of continuous improvements and quality in addition to reliability and safety employs soft and hard human resource management models across the various levels of management in the company. In Berecz argument, besides that, the company’s training approaches do not reflect the component of human capital but is rather geared towards reflecting it as a luxury investment (24). The hard model reflects the strategic aspects of human resource management approach of headcount as an economic factor where technical employees are viewed as a commodity. Thus management integrates the aspect of human resource development and performance evaluations as strategic tools in improving on employee productivity and service quality. This approach is centered on rewards as a tool for employees and organizational efficiency. In addition to that, individual performance appraisals coupled with performance pay are integrated in the motivation criteria (Berecz, 50). On the other hand, the soft models approach view organizational employees as valuable assets that need to be evaluated and developed through learning processes that position the British airways at a strategic advantage over its competitors. The soft model is a transition from technical issues to technical approaches that emphasize on human needs in relation to their activities (Berecz, 67). An analysis of the hard model does not reflect an entire integration of various theories of motivation. Management need to integrate different theories of motivation and approaches to different sit uations. Human motivation, according to a well known theorist and researcher on motivation, Abraham Maslow views motivation from the aspect of psychological needs of individuals (Berecz, 100). According to Maslow, once an individual’s psychological needs have been met, one aspires to have safety needs satisfied in the hierarchy of needs. However, a critical evaluation of British airways reveals a lack of the important elements particularly social, esteem, and self-actualization needs factored into the hard model concept. Rather, human capital is viewed as a variable which responds to changes  of financial rewards. Source: https://www.tutor2u.net/business/reference/theories-of-motivation-gcse A further analysis of the motivational approaches in this company revealed that the models used by this company did not allow employees to develop strong bonding with their company. Berecz argues that when employees develop a strong bond with the organization they work for, there is b ound to be a significant inclination to better performance and improved productivity (100). This approach creates employee royalty and productivity. A successful organization reflects successful and satisfied employees. Another case reflective of motivation problems with technical department and is illustrated at the AUDI motor company. Though the company has various incentives and attractive conditions and working environment, when Dr. Werner joined the company in the capacity of a human resource manager, he set about setting goals and objectives that could see the company resolve issues at the technical department related to its employee motivational approaches (Berecz, 107). The technical department at AUDI indicated a drop in employee productivity and performance and it was increasingly becoming clear that the technical staff had a problem. A critical analysis of the situation revealed that they were not getting the right motivation. Konig Steel argue that to achieve the objec tives that were newly spelt by the new manager, there was need for an overhaul in the company’s approach in motivating the technical staff (891). Success of a company has a strong relationship with individual successes of its employees. Employee productivity, the quality of work, and efficiency are variables that depend on the quality of management. A better managed organization finds these factors core in encouraging employee readiness to better quality performances. Thus, performance is a critical element in employee productivity. This is based on the argument that people have an intrinsic nature to want to perform for personal development. Better performance translates directly to success. Thus well motivated employees have the passion to see their company succeed. In addition to that, Audi is a company of international repute. An analysis of the situation of the organization reveals that the company does not have a strong framework for cross-cultural management (Konig St eel, 890). Dickson, Hartog, Mitchelson define cross culture as an approach to managing and running business organizations in a multicultural environment (1). The concept adds value to a company’s workforce in reflecting multiculturalism. The company is therefore less likely to be dominated by a single organizational culture in the face of a diversity of cultures. In addition to that, management is bound to come up with approaches and strategies of integrating different cultures in the working environment with innovative intelligence to achieve team cohesiveness and oneness of purpose in pursuing organizational goals (Dickson,Hartog, Mitchelson, 3). When managers are unaware of cross cultural issues, a range of problems are bound to arise in their leadership. These managers lead a workforce and customers from multicultural backgrounds. One of these adverse effects is the likelihood of team cohesiveness disintegrating and the unlikelihood of managers estimating the actual imp act of their lack of cross cultural knowledge. Therefore, a learning manager should identify cross cultural implications between different cultures on the contractual relationships between individuals, self assertions and coordination, individual conscience versus obedience and values, learn group attributes of different cultures, and effective strategies of controlling individual and group behaviors. The manager should learn the foundational structure of society and hierarchy involved. Add to that, managers and employees should incorporate the process of integrating different cultures into one culture by making observations and create positive impact on the hosting culture before entering the collision phases where individuals cultivate confidence in the hosting environment by experiencing cultural shock and an evaluation of one’s cultural departure. Results An analysis of the case studies identified above revealed various pitfalls and problems in the technical departments o f the companies covered in the discussion and the approaches of motivating employees in the three companies. Each of the models used to a given extent proved successful, but had no clear cut motivational approaches of solving various issues associated with employee motivation at the technical departments of the cases discussed above. In addition to that, employees had no autonomy in decision making besides cross culture management issues (Bryant karseten, 1). Identified problems included management approach in using a single approach in motivating employees. This included the application of incentives without due regard to employee physiological needs and other motivational factors. Other issues raised in the research included a lack of cross cultural management in the management approaches of these organizations. Other aspects sharing a commonality across the organizations with regard to employee motivation at the technical departments of these organizations was a critical failure of management to merge motivational theories, organizational behavioral concepts, and distinctly tailored programs for employee motivation. There were no clear cut employee satisfaction schemes, lack of listening techniques, employee work ownerships, and the opportunity for the specialized personnel to exercise their skills. Recommendations To successfully drive and maintain these companies as global business leaders, motivation has been identified as a key element in driving employee performance to higher levels of productivity. To that end, each organization should remove some controls and empower employees in decision making. That could impart the culture of accountability and individual responsibility in decision making in their workplace. In addition to that, skilled employees may be required to work on whole units of work to allow them greater autonomy in the manufacturing process. These, coupled with freedom of movement and better communication channels could help management cooperate with them while they are made to own the company developing a strong bond in the process. Further recommendations span reporting and feedbacks. Employees need to be informed directly on the quality of their work removing the hierarchical reporting relationships between employees and the management through supervisors. This approach inculcates a sense of personal responsibility at the work place. In addition to that, these organizations need to provide feedback on employee performance. Each organization should encourage the element of thinking smart while incorporating incentives at team and individual levels. Each of the tangible incentive programs should be evaluated by every organization and incentives offered based on the best model organization adapts to. These models include fixed rate, quota based, tournament, and piece rate incentives. Conclusion An analysis of the problems encountered at the technical departments of Volkswagen, British airways and the Audi motor c ompanies bear a close similarity and are significantly driven by the most critical element, motivation with its variables. Different theorists, industrial practitioners and researchers into motivational theories at industrial and individual levels argue that motivation is a key element in driving organizations to higher levels of performance and individual productivity. Each company should develop its own model tailored towards employee motivation in enhancing employee productivity and organizational performance. Berecz, John, M. Theories of Personality. A Zonal Perspective 1 st ed. Boston. Allyn Bacon, 2008. Bryant, Ben Josen, Karseten. Cross Cultural Leadership. Aug. 2008. Web. Coillie, Van, H. Iven Van Mechelen. Expected consequences of anger-related  behaviours. European Journal of Personality, 20.2 (2006)137-15. Dickson, Marcus. W., Hartog, Deanne. N.D., Mitchelson, Jacqueline. K., 2003. Research on leadership in a cross-cultural context: Making progress, and raising new questions. 23 Sept. 2003. Web. Konig, Cornelius, J. Steel Piers. Integrating Theories of Motivation. Academy of Management Review. 3.4, (2006) 888-893.

Mother Tongue by Amy Tan and Veil by Marjane Satrapi Essay

Mother Tongue by Amy Tan and Veil by Marjane Satrapi - Essay Example Language is and will always remain to be key constituent of communication. The article, ‘Mother Tongue’ is highly provocative in its connotations because it not only shows that language, specifically, English language is significant medium of expression but most importantly, it has succeeded to evoke creative discourse on issue which is intrinsically linked to the language. Indeed, facilitating communication through language is critical issue within and outside the precinct of language externalities like grammar, spelling, correct phrasing etc. She is emphatic that English as literary language needs to be confined within the paradigms of literature only, though, of course, language that is easily understood is an important condition. She stresses that language ability is often associated with wide ranging implications, leaving behind its key objective of communication. Often in a developed society, the lack of command in the native language is construed to be a major def iciency that reflects in undermining the dignity of individuals. The individuals get associated with personality disorders and deliberately not taken seriously. She cites the example of her mother who is not proficient in English language, thus uses ‘broken or fractured English’. ... highly innovative in her work that has communicated her deepest feeling not through structured English but by graphic displays that have conveyed her thoughts effectively. The ‘Veil’ depicts the religious fanatics and the strict code of conduct under the stringent and extremely biased Islamic laws that reflect a new perspective of the people of Iran. The text/visuals disseminate information in a unique manner that is praiseworthy as well as hugely imaginative. Satrapi has shown that communication has more than one media and language is just a tool that strengthens expressions of thoughts into concrete format. Most importantly, the author of ‘Veil’ has revealed new dimension of language. She shows that language can also be interpreted in diverse ways and readers/ listeners need also be tuned to the changing thought processes of the concerned individual. In other words, understanding of people also becomes a critical element in the effective communication proc esses. People must make efforts to understand the compulsions of other individuals who are probably trying to communicate important information in a language that might be ‘broken or fractured’ as Amy Tan says. The native language and immigrants have become two important faces of same coin, the language barrier! Indeed, it cannot be denied that proficiency in native language is desirable but making it a compulsion for common man defeats the very purpose of language which is to communicate. The issue of language, specifically, English language is an important factor for myriad reasons. It is widely used in the developing world where immigrants go for higher education or for better prospects vis-a-vis job opportunities and personal and professional growth. Hence, knowledge and skill in the language is

Fashion Retail Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Fashion Retail Marketing - Essay Example The essay "Fashion Retail Marketing" discovers the fashion retail marketing. This online retail brand has emerged as one of the favourite destination for youngsters, looking for fashionable and affordable brands. This report analyses the brand value and the strategies followed by the company. This section discusses the company objectives and the ethical policies it follows. In the next topic the financial details of the company are given. The company’s large product range has been highlighted. The positioning strategies of the company are discussed and analyses of their impact on the company’s operations have also been discussed. To find out the macro environment of the retail brand, PEST analysis is done. This will give a clear understanding of the current economic, social, political and technological changes within the country and how it has impacted the operations of the company. Value chain analysis gives a detailed layout of the flow of raw materials and other prod ucts from suppliers, to the warehouse, manufacturing and operational process and finally delivery of products to the customer doorsteps. The report also throws light on the marketing campaigns and strategies followed by the company. Though the online retailer has maintained a continuous growth in the online marketing sector, there are certain risks and challenges that lie ahead. Very retailer is one of UK’s prominent online and home shopping brands. It is an arm of One Shop online retailer which has a customer base of over five millions. and an annual turnover of over 1.7 billion pounds (Very, 2013). Very online brand was launched in the year 2009. The online retailer deals with categories such as apparels for men women and children, home and electrical appliances. The website of Very retailer in designed keeping high internet users in mind. The website provides customers with the opportunity of shopping across a range of product areas, from footwear and fashion to home and e lectrical and other accessories. To gain competitive advantage, Very online retailer has introduced a number of interactive marketing services, and innovative online marketing strategies to engage the customers on mobile channels (Wang, 2005). The retail brand believes in creating a workplace having a perfect balance between hard work and having fun. The company’s preferences lie in putting the customer first. The brand believes in treating its customers as well as employees well and making a difference by keeping things simple. The online retail brand thrives on four major brand values. Deliver- The retail brand thrusts upon getting results which satisfies the customer expectations as well as fulfils the organisational needs. Innovate- To make the business better, the company develops innovative ideas in the field of marketing campaigns, innovative advertising and branding ideas, inventing new categories and product range to meet the changing customer preferences. Courage- C ourage means doing activities which are of best interest to the company and challenging a process because it is not correct. It can be any process from finance to the supply chain process. Enthuse- The Company believes in creat

Jonathan Swift and Piers Paul Read Essay Example for Free

Jonathan Swift and Piers Paul Read Essay Cannibalism is the last taboo. In Alive and A Modest Proposal Jonathan Swift and Piers Paul Read approach the subject with completely different purposes in mind. What do you consider to be the purpose of each author, and say how he achieves this? A Modest Proposal is a scathing attack on the economic oppression of the Irish by the English. During Swifts lifetime tremendous suffering was caused by English practices in Ireland. However, it is incorrect to say that cannibalism is the theme of A Modest Proposal. Swift was a Protestant writer in Ireland at the time of The Great Potato Famine. The article is a clever satirical device to draw attention to the plight of the poor. He infiltrates the opposition, the rich Protestant landlords, in order to put their torturous ideas to ridicule. Swift attacks his own Protestant, English community by creating a narrator who considers himself a reasonable and compassionate character, but one who combines a repulsive anti-Catholic bigotry, with a modest proposal, that is, rather, a final solution: he, the narrator, advocates cannibalism as a means of countering Irish Catholic poverty abortion, and the high birth rate. The narrator, in a frighteningly rational and level-headed tone condemns the English for being inhumane, the Irish for being passive, the speaker for being morally blind, and the reader for accepting intolerable situations in the world around him; for this piece was accepted and believed by many, at the time. On the other hand, Piers Paul Read, in his biographical novel Alive, rather than indirectly giving answers to a problem, asks questions. He tells of the experiences of the survivors of an Andean plane crash in 1976, who, in the remoteness, and the harshness of their environment, the lack of a consumable source of food, and the quickening exhaustion of their own limited amounts of chocolate and wine, have no where to turn except, in their desperation, to eat the meat from their fellow, dead, company. They have only their planes wreckage as shelter, which has come down from 14,000 feet. Both literary pieces, although their purpose, style and audience are different, jolt the reader out of their complacency, and encourage them to think of things they thought werent necessary to be thought about! However, it is necessary to understand that the two texts have been written hundreds of years apart, and society, of course, has evolved. Swift has reached out across the religious and ethnic divide to champion the ignorant, impoverished Irish Catholics. The bigotry of Swifts narrative is so convincing and grotesque, that Swift himself is sometimes mistaken as his narrator, an anti-Catholic bigot! On the contrary, Swifts essay harshly attacks the Christian commitment of Irelands wealthy Protestant absentee landowners, and his unflattering cannibal is made in their image. P. P. Read meanwhile, attacks not the opposition, but gives a balanced and meaningful account of the plane crash and the tales that followed, and examines the human spirit to stay alive, and questions what is civilized and human. Yet, simultaneously, Read, almost in the opposite of Swift, advocates cannibalism. Read turns the views of cannibalism as a taboo on its head. Rather than associating it with savagery and being primitive and irrational, he questions logic, and seems to state that the ban is the primitive thing, that is not based on reason. In one paragraph alone, he writes, we grappled with emotions, and we did not think it wrong twice. While Swift attacks the Landlords by linking their greed to their devouring of the Irish Catholics, and satirizes cannibalism to the extent that it is no longer seen as ironic, only distasteful, Read, using a character Canessa, reasons cannibalism out. He talks of nourishment and energy, and of course, eventually wins his company. Their decision is based on logic and reason, and the ability to use these makes us civilized. Although I do not feel that Swifts narrators views are plausible, Read using a variety of effective techniques, convinces the reader. Swift shows how the English projected their own blame onto their victims- destitute Irish Catholics, that, Swift suggests, have been cannibalized by the rapacious greed of absentee landlords. Swift is hoping to shame them into being more compassionate. However, as what happened when I read it for the first time, because Swift and his narrator are so tightly intertwined, readers often emerge from their reading, confused, perhaps unable to take in the implausibility of his case.

We Learn By Doing :: Education Teaching Teachers Essays

We Learn By Doing An old Chinese proverb states: Tell me and I forget. Show me and I remember. Involve me and I understand. In three short statements this proverb represents my outlook on education. Over-all my philosophy could be described as eclectic; nonetheless, the main emphasis I plan to make stems from progressivism. I also plan to incorporate behaviorism into my teachings and I will maintain an open mind throughout my teaching career in order to adapt to the needs of my pupils. Furthermore, I will increase my professional status by continuing my education and by becoming involved in established associations. I’ve made my athletic career by imitating the elite that have come before me, and then refining my technique to better meet my needs. I intended to do this in my teaching career as well by modeling John Dewey’s ideas of how people learn. Dewey thought that people were more apt to learn if they were involved in the activity. â€Å"Book learning,† as he referred to it, â€Å"is no substitute for actually doing things.† The origin of my opinion stems from my early and middle childhood. I never wanted to take my parents word that I should not do something, and I always had find out the â€Å"hard way† by experiencing the situation for myself before I learned not to do it. Another root in progressivism that I have is throughout my schooling is that I have noticed that my peers and I excelled better in the classes in which we participated in activities rather than listened to lectures and did book-work assignments. I also believe that i nteractive assignments are the foundation of a good Physical Education Program. Young children and even teenagers have a hard time grasping the concepts of biomechanics, so rather than lecturing on the proper motions of throwing a ball it is much more effective to have the students participate in activities that shows them the effective and non-effective ways to complete a task or skill. My classroom philosophy also contains elements from behaviorism. I believe rewarding and positive reinforcement is the best way to get the results one desires from his/her students.

Domestic violence in mature women in the United Kingdom A review of the literature

Abstract Domestic violence (DV) impacts considerably on the long-term health and emotional wellbeing of affected individuals. Although the literature offers some insight into the span and nature of domestic abuse amongst the mature population in the UK, at present there is little obtainable data concerning DV in mature women specifically. This gap in knowledge is increasingly being recognised as a major shortfall in knowledge and understanding in society, especially for those responsible for the support and care of victims. Although the research in this area is limited, the work already done to date suggests that matured women’s experiences of DV are markedly different from those experienced by younger people and that these differences have not been sufficiently acknowledged. For example, mature women have different barriers that stop them reporting abuse, such as physical limitations due to older age. As the ageing population in the UK increases, national policy initiatives have started to recognise DV as a national issue for mature women. It is essential that healthcare professionals are able to identify DV and understand the exact experiences and needs of mature women that are affected by DV in order to prevent future incidents and better empower women in violent relationships. The aim of this literature review therefore is threefold: (a) to present a complete review of the impact of DV on matured women mainly within the framework of health, (b) to explore particular barriers in recognizing and reporting DV and (c) to emphasize the gaps in our awareness and understanding from a policy and care provision viewpoint. A systematic approach to a review of the literature was used to identify key literature and available evidence relating to DV among mature women. Introduction The Department of Health (2000) has defined DV as â€Å"a continuum of behaviour ranging from verbal abuse, through coercion and bullying, controlling behaviour, physical and sexual attack, to rape and even killing.†DV can take many forms. The most common of these include physical, sexual, verbal and financial abuse (Women’s Aid, 2007). Physical abuse typically involves any kind of physical harm such as pushing, kicking or the use of a weapon against another individual. Sexual abuse includes using force or threats to pressure a partner into unwanted sexual acts, whilst verbal abuse includes more psychological elements such as persistently attacking a partner’s self esteem through name calling. Financial abuse usually involves withholding money from a partner or forcibly taking over a partner’s assets or financial accounts (Women’s Aid, 2007). In 2012, 1.2 million women suffered from DV (Home Office, 2013). However, fewer than 1 in 4 individuals who suffer from DV will report this (Home Office, 2013) and therefore the estimation of DV in the UK is likely to be grossly underestimated. Thirty-one percent of the funding to DV charities from local authorities was cut between 2010/11 to 2011/12, a reduction from ?7.8 million to ?5.4 million (data obtained using Freedom of Information Act requests by the False Economy project, and analysed by the research team). The National Violence against Women Survey (NVAWS) states that about 1.5 million women are raped or physically assaulted by an intimate partner yearly (Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000). The Bureau of Justice Statistics Crime Data Brief, which measured only physical assaults, concluded that â€Å"there were 691,710 nonfatal violent victimizations committed by current or former spouses, boyfriends, or girlfriends against victims during 2001(Rennison, and Planty, 2003). Of these c ases, 85% were against women (Rennison and Planty, 2003). The NVAWS also found that 22.1% of women surveyed, compared to 7.4 percent of men, and reported being physically assaulted by a current or former partner in their lifetime (Rennison and Planty, 2003). In the United Kingdom, national policy has started to identify DV as a concern for mature women. Subsequently, the Government has put policies in place so that healthcare and social professionals are able to identify cases of DV. For example, funding of nearly ?40 million has been allocated to specialist support services and help-lines until 2015 and the piloting of a domestic violence disclosure scheme that gives individuals the right to ask about any violent criminal offences carried out by a new partner (Home Office, 2013). An estimated 27,900 women have had to be turned away by the first refuge service that they approached in the last year because there was no space, according to new figures from Women’s Aid (2012). These figures demonstrate that services are under some strain to deal with the large amount of DV cases in the UK. Prolonged episodes of DV can result in the development of mental health problems such as depression, panic attacks and mental breakdown (Roberts et al., 1998; Astbury et al., 2000). . Women often find it difficult and challenging to communicate about the psychological abuse they suffer during DV and often prefer to suffer in silence than complain about it (Home Office, 2013). This may have resulted in creating a barrier to finding data on mature victims of domestic violence. Abused women are three and a half times more likely to be suicidal than non-abused women (Golding, 1999). Furthermore, the World Health Organization (WHO, 2005) indicates that domestic violence puts women at risk from a range of negative health outcomes such as physical injury, mental health problems, sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV and AIDS, unwanted pregnancies, depression, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, emotional distress, fatigue, sleeping and eating disorders and general fear. There are a wide range of social factors thought to contribute the high occurrence of DV against women in the UK. These factors include some religious and political practices that undermine women (Walker, 1999). Factors such as financial hardship. a lack of resources, educational shortcomings, extreme alcohol consumption, high levels of jealousy, belonging to a large family and substance abuse have also all been linked with the rising risk of domestic violence (Martin et al., 1999). Furthermore, in comparison to their younger female counterparts, mature women may have a limited understanding of the term abuse as a result of their older generation (Zink et al., 2003). For example, DV may have not been considered as a criminal offence when they were growing up and feminist movements were generally unheard of. Despite figures showing that DV against mature women is rising considerably the UK, the government is considering serious funding cuts for crime prevention programs as well as staff cutting plans including over 50, 000 job cuts in the ‘National Health Service’ (NHS) over the next 10 year period (Scripps, 2013). In light of these cuts, this research aims to study the relationship between DV and the prevention programs that have been designed to tackle this crime. In particular, a counsellors’ perspective will be adopted and the challenged that counsellors face in the light of budget constraints will also be explored. Using an extensive review of the literature, the following sections provide a brief overview of the various aspects pertaining to DV and its psychological influence. The review will conclude with a discussion of government interventions and policy recommendations. This review will evaluate and critique the available literature pertaining to DV including an assessment of the historical evolution of DV as a general concern for mature women, theoretical explanations of DV and consideration of the significance of gender. This underpinning process will be used as a basis for examining the impact of DV against mature women (39 years old and above). It will also look at the value and effectiveness of current resources, initiatives, and support networks used to tackle DV and assist victims. This review will illustrate that DV in mature women is a complex and multifaceted subject. Definition of Terms For the purpose of this review, the following terms shall be defined as follows: Domestic violence: The term domestic violence is defined as a physical type of abuse carried out by an individual directly towards their significant other previously or currently, through the use of violence. The intent of the abuse is to somewhat establish and maintain a sense of dominion and control over another person, and is depicted in a context of uneven authority or entitlement. This therefore increases the likelihood of inflicting harm to both the physical and emotional welfare of that individual. Well-being: According to Ryan and Deci (2001), the term ‘well-being’ refers to the full spectrum of people’s emotional experiences and to their quality of life. Mature women: Mature women would be defined as those persons aged 39 years and above. Health: This is a state of physical and mental well-being, and thus not necessarily means the absence of symptoms, illness and morbidity (WHO, 2004b). Quality of life: This is an ‘individuals’ understanding of his or her status in life, in relation to the culture and value system of society, viewed against their personal goals, standard, and expectations in life (The WHOQOL Group, 1995). Qualitative Study: Qualitative studies are exploratory and are particularly well suited to social research. Cresswell (1998) defines a qualitative study as â€Å"an inquiry process of understanding a social or human problem, based on building a complex, holistic picture, formed with words, reporting detailed views of informants conducted in a natural setting.† Typical data gathering tools employed in a qualitative research design include observation, interviews, video documentaries, and focus groups. Quantitative Study: Quantitative studies measure information in numbers using a set of pre-defined variables as the focus of the study. Using the definition given by Cresswell (1998), it â€Å"is an inquiry into a social or human problem, based on testing a theory composed of variables, measured with numbers, and analyzed with statistical procedures, in order to determine whether the predictive generalizations of the theory holds true.† Data collection methods typically include questionnaires, standardized tests and codified forms. Scope and Objectives The main objective of this research was to increase awareness of DV against mature women and to improve the standard and efficacy of the care that is provided to the victims. The researcher’s experience in looking after this group of victims has been challenging and may have been much improved if their experiences and needs were better understood. This piece of research aimed to: Carry out a literature review of DV in mature women. Identify how the government and society in general support victims of domestic violence in recovery. Identify the counsellor’s role while caring for victims of DV. To provide an opportunity for mature women to speak of their experiences in order to highlight their experiences and to develop resources to support and inform mature women (Mears, 2002). To explore the prevalence of physical and verbal abuse among the study population (Mouton at el, 2004). This research will use a positivist approach, focusing on the dilemma a mature victim of DV often faces and the importance of the therapeutic relationship they hold with their counsellor. This approach focuses on gaining â€Å"positive† evidence from observable experience, rather than depending on intuition or assumptions on behalf of researchers. In particular, this approach believes that there are general patterns of cause-and-effect and that these can be used to predict natural phenomena such as DV. Research Methodology This dissertation will use review the literature and contain analysis of secondary data and the summarising of the literature’s findings on the topic of DV in mature women. Procedure This piece of research used a literature review to gather data on the topic of DV amongst mature women in the UK and beyond. The following key terms and words were used in various academic search engines including Web of Knowledge (http://wok.mimas.ac.uk/), Science Direct (www.sciencedirect.com) and PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed): Domestic violence AND mature women. Domestic abuse AND mature women. Domestic violence AND women. Due to a limit in the number of articles generated using these search terms, no exclusionary criteria were applied. Literature review This is a secondary review research project involving an extensive literature review on the topic of DV and its impact and effects on mature women. The material for this review was obtained from peer reviewed psychological and counselling journals, which were accessed through online journal databases such as PUBMED and CINAHL. Governmental reports such as those published by the Department of Health (2000), BACP (2000), World Health Organisation (WHO, 2004) and technical reports from scientific research groups and working papers from social welfare committees were also used within the research. This review adopted the â€Å"best evidence synthesis† method proposed by Franche et al. (2005). This method involves summarizing the literature and drawing up conclusions, based on the balance of evidence. Epidemiology and Economic Impact Domestic violence among mature women is a pressing national problem. As a recent report from the World Health Organisation (WHO, 2004) indicates, domestic violence against mature women has increased five-fold resulting in increased depression, physical ill health, psychological effects and other mental health disorders (Scripps, 2013). In addition to the huge impact DV has on women, there is also a large economic cost. The Centre for Mental Health (2010) has reported an annual loss to the tune of ?30.3 billion due to mental health problems suffered by abused women, with over two thirds of this amount accounting for lost productivity within the workplace. Mental ill health which may be the result of DV has been identified as the primary reason for ‘incapacity benefit payment’ and over 43% of the 2.6 million individuals presently on long-term ‘health-related benefits’ present with psychosocial behavioural disorder as their primary condition (Department of Work and Pensions, 2010). DV can also have a direct negative impact on witnesses. Hewitt (2002) claims that almost 90% of DV occurrences are witnessed either directly or indirectly by children. Furthermore, the British government have stated that women can be distressed by witnessing DV carried out against other women (Hewitt, 2002). The literature also reveals differences in the prevalence of DV between younger and older women. For example, mature women are two to three times more likely to report minor physical attacks such as been pushed grabbed roughly and shoving than men (Tjaden & Thoennes, 1998). It has also been found that women are 7 to 14 times more likely than men to report serious physical attacks of DV that include having been strangled, threatened with weapons or use of weapons (Tjaden & Thoennes, 1998). Barriers to Accessing Care The literature search highlighted a number of key differences between the experiences of younger and mature women when it comes to DV. For example, unlike younger women, older women may be even less aware of the services available to those experiencing DV. For example, Scott et al. (2004) reported that there is a widespread myth among service providers and women themselves that Women’s Aid and other DV services prioritise younger women and younger women with children. Friedman et al. (1992) have postulated that abused mature women volunteer to share their uncertainties and concern to their health practitioners the majority of the time. Those women that do not share their concerns may not do so because of pride or shame. The other reason that mature women do not disclose DV is a fear of being judged by society and this has been challenged during the research as well as shortage of theoretical clarity concerning this matter since the majority of affected women were embarrassed to put across what they are facing and this has made data collection challenging. Zink et al. (2003) investigated the reasons for staying in an abusive relationship in women aged over 55 years. It was found that reasons could be divided into three categories: cohort effects, which included reasons such as lacking education or job skills, period effects such as rejection from help services or difficulty accessing services, and aging effects, which related to the physical limitations that their age can cause. These results suggest that although mature women experience similar barriers to leaving abusive relationships such as a lack of faith in their ability to find employment and support themselves, there are also barriers unique to mature women such as worries regarding their physical strength. Therefore, health workers and counsellors must be privy to these differences in order to improve the level of care and support that mature victims of DV receive. Theoretical Concepts There are a number of different theories that make be used to explain how DV comes about and what motivates its perpetrators.. For example, the social exchange theory (Emerson, 1976) offers a foundation for law enforcement and the prosecution of offenders. Furthermore, this assists in helping to explain how children who observe abuse mostly grow up to be abusers themselves. In contrast, a feminist approach may provide support for interventions targeted at supporting perpetrators to improve their behaviour and helping to empower victims. However, looking at these theories they do not appear to provide an inclusive foundation and a comprehensive approach for dealing with the various underlying outcomes or scope of DV. The more integrated ecological framework theory (see for example, Heise, 1998) is the one that appears to provide the required basis for an inclusive approach. The ecological framework theory has been used to conceptualise DV as a multi-faceted and complex phenomenon tha t has its foundations in a multitude of different factors including those of a situational and socio-cultural foundation (Heise, 1998). Unlike other theories, this theory is not reductionist and acknowledges that DV can be the result of many different factors. Discussion This researcher sought to increase knowledge and understanding regarding DV against older women by allowing older women themselves to speak out about how they define domestic violence; their views about causes, reporting, interventions, and consequences for perpetrators; factors that deter or prevent help-seeking from the justice system and community agencies; and elements of outreach and intervention strategies they see as acceptable and/or desirable. Results and Conclusions: Two important constructs that emerged were Domestic Abuse (DA), which encompasses emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and Barriers to Help-Seeking (BHS), which appears to be closely related to the experience of victimization. In addition, eleven sub-concepts emerged from the data. Seven of these, Isolation, Jealousy, Intimidation, Protecting Family, Self-Blame, Powerlessness, and Spirituality, appeared to be related to both the experience of DA and BHS. An additional four factors defined as Secrecy, Hopeless ness, Concern for Abuser, and Justice were identified. This review has highlighted that violence amongst mature women has reached endemic proportions in most parts of the world. It also finds that no ethnic, racial, or socio-economic group is resistant from DV. Nonetheless, the review emphasized considerable heterogeneity in methodologies, sampling periods, sample sizes and the population studied. In some studies, ethnicity, age, and socio-economic status were not reliably recorded, resulting in difficulties in comparisons and evaluations. However, it must be emphasised that the WHO multi-country study was a significant effort to amass globally similar statistics by the use of identical study approaches. There were a number of key methodological issues identified in the studies included in this literature review. A key weakness of surveys is that they may not measure the real figures of abused women, especially as some abused women will be unwilling to reveal and report DV against them. In view of problems associated with self-reports, it is likely that results are biased by both over-reporting and under-reporting (Koss, 1993). According to Krauss (2006) DV differs from nation to nation, and occasionally within the same culture. Therefore, there are cultural factors to take into account when comparing research. For example, in Asian cultures women are brought up with the belief that family needs are superior to individual members’ needs (Rydstrom, 2003). Though women from poor countries are possibly most pre-disposed to believe that men have a right to beat their wives, it has been found that women in developing and developed countries can also be inclined to beliefs which vindicate violence against them (Fagan and Browne 1994). Furthermore, there are cultural differences in the societal view of DV. For example, the review has shown that not every woman who suffers abuse identifies themselves as ‘battered’ women (Mahoney 1991). For example, Islamic nations do not view domestic violence a major issue, despite its increasing incidence and serious consequences. Extracts from religious tract s have been improperly used to validate violence against women, although abuse may also be the result because of culture as well as religion (Douki et al. 2003). Nonetheless, power issues and gender (Caetano et al. 2000), rather than race and ethnicity (Anderson 1997), are likely to be more significant in building and preserving male supremacy and the inequality of power between wives and husbands (Harris et al. 2005). Furthermore, various ethnic groupings are frequently distorted into one single class, for example Asians (Mobell et al. 1997). Due to this, statistics collected on violence amongst minority populations are regularly inadequate, thereby preventing meaningful generalizations. Waltermaurer (2005) argues that the choice of measuring and the practice used to establish the occurrence of domestic violence have important bearings on the occurrence rates being reported. The majority of television and film images, as well as the images in magazines, often display images of abused younger women who have children and this may give a false impression that domestic violence is not something that may occur later on in life. This literature review has found that in comparison to younger women, older women throughout their lives have been less aware of all services and treatments readily available for those going through DV. The previous Government legislated in the Crime and Security Act 2010 for the introduction of Domestic Violence Protection Notices (DVPN) and Domestic Violence Protection Orders (DVPOs). On the 30th of June 2012 the domestic violence protection notices and orders (DVPO) were introduced in West Mercia, Wiltshire and Greater Manchester through three p olice forces. The operations will continue for another year while the Home Office works hand in hand to assess the pilot and decide whether or not a permanent change in the law system is required.. The scheme gives victims who might or may have fled their homes the kind of support they may need. There was a gap in protection in DV before the scheme was founded in 2012. Previously, police were unable to charge perpetrators because of lack of evidence and also because the process of granting injunctions to the perpetrators took time. The (DVPO) scheme closes the gap between then and now and gives the police and the magistrate the power to protect a victim after the attack as soon as they possibly can and try to stop the perpetrator form getting in contact with the victim or returning home for up 28 days. Disclosure of being abused itself is insufficient to reduce the risk of adverse mental health outcomes for mature women who have been victims of DV unless the listener’s respon se to the disclosure was repeatedly supportive (Coker et al. 2002). Mature women report key characteristics of helpful encounters with health-care providers as non-judgemental, sympathetic and caring response (Gerbert et al. 1999). Public and private organizations have kept on enhancing their contributions in fighting DV. In the United Kingdom, The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act (2004) furnishes superior power to police and the courts in dealing with cases of DV and in providing security to victims. Furthermore the British government has recently issued a national domestic violence action plan which sets fourth ambitious goals: – Reduction in the occurrence of domestic violence – Increase in the rate that domestic violence is reported – increase the rate of domestic violence offences that are brought to justice – Ensure victims of domestic violence are satisfactorily protected and supported nationwide – Reduce the number of domestic violence related homicides. The review has shown that despite all Government initiatives towards domestic violence, healthcare agencies are still under-represented (Hague et al., 1996). It was not until the year 2000 that the Department of Health (DoH) started to take steps to implement front-line interventions from health professionals by publishing two documents known as ‘Domestic Violence: A Resource Manual for Health Care Professionals’ and ‘Principles of Conduct for Health Professionals’ (Department of Health, 2000a, 2000b). The aim of these documents was to integrate best practices recommended by the various governing bodies of differing health professionals. This documentation aims to provide guidance for healthcare professionals in their practice and daily interactions with women experiencing DV. After the publication of these documents, DV was seen for the first time as a health care issue as opposed to a mainly social care problem. The police and the criminal justice system cannot address the issue of domestic violence alone. The cost of protection for those women who experience domestic violence is of such a scale that it should be considered a major public health issue (Department of Health, 2000a: 2). Validity and Reliability As most of the literature referred to in this research was phenomenological, there are some key methodological limitations. For example, phenenological research is often open to interpretation. In particular, the same words may have different meanings for different people (Beck, 1994). This may be of particular importance for the topic of DV as some women who are included as participants may report that they are abused but may not attach the same negative connotations that the researchers do. The most reliable estimates of the extent of domestic violence in England and Wales come from the Crime Survey of England and Wales (CSEW; formerly known as the British Crime Survey). The CSEW asks people about their experience as victims. Being a household survey, it picks up more crime than the official police figures, as not all crimes are reported to the police, let alone recorded by them. Two sets of figures are available from the CSEW: the first, collected from the survey’s inceptio n in 1981, come from the results of face-to-face interviews; the second, available from 2004/05, come from confidential self-completion modules, which respondents complete in private by responding to questions on a computer. The unwillingness of respondents to reveal experience of domestic violence to an interviewer means that the first measure significantly underestimates the extent of domestic violence. Conclusion The high occurrence ofDV experienced by mature women suggests that doctors and other healthcare professionals working in all areas of medicine must identify and explore the potential significance of DV when considering reasons why mature women present with ill health. The issue of DV against mature women should be integrated into medical training, therapist training and also into governmental policy. Heterogeneity within the methodology of the different studies discussed in this review has highlighted the significance of developing stronger definitions to improve coherence across findings during a literature search. Future research work must try to recognize cultural differences when working with families and women of ethnic minorities. Contrary to previous assumptions that mature women may consider DV as acceptable, results of a study found that mature women were able to identify abuse and actions seen as abusive, which demonstrates suggesting that care workers may be misinterpreting victims’ feelings. The study also demonstrates how the attitude of mature women has been altered over time, from something acceptable to something that must be dealt with. Society must stop viewing domestic violence against mature women as a problem which only affects women, as the issue is overall a public health issue. All forms of violence against mature women are abhorrent and support for those who have been abused in any form should be readily available. We need a clear and decisive answer for calls for help from the health sector, in collaboration with women’s organizations and other related public powers. As observed by Hamberger et al. (1992), future research is essential in order to help determine the reason behind some re-occurring factors that are prevalent in contributing toward cases of DV against mature women. A collective societal intervention is necessary to address the social determinants of DV. Counsellors, as frontline care providers, have an essential role to play in controlling the negative impacts of DV amongst mature women. 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